
Enterococci are commensal bacteria inhabiting the intestines of many mammals and various environments, including soil, water, and plants (Guzman Prieto et al., 2016). Approximately 25% of the genes in enterococci are composed of mobile genetic elements, allowing them to acquire various antimicrobial resistance genes (Werner et al., 2013). Antimicrobial resistance is one of the critical factors threatening public health (Prestinaci et al., 2015). Enterococcus faecalis has emerged as the third leading cause of nosocomial infections in recent decades (García-Solache and Rice, 2019).
A rectal swab collected from the 35-day-old piglet at a pig farm in Chungbuk province was streaked onto enterococcosel agar (BD Bioscience) and incubated at 37°C for 48 h. After cultivation, suspected enterococcal colonies were sub-cultured onto blood agar plates (Synergy Innovation). In order to identify E. faecalis, nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA gene was determined from obtained colony (Ryu et al., 2013). Comparison of the sequence on GenBank database exhibited 100% identity to one of E. faecalis strain J-5-A (GenBank accession No. CP123624.1). The strain was named E. faecalis CF3A-2134 and identified as sequence type 620 using the PubMLST database (https://pubmlst.org/) based on seven housekeeping gene sequences (gdh, gyd, pstS, gki, aroE, xpt, and yqiL) (Ruiz-Garbajosa et al., 2006). Antibiotic susceptibility was determined with disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guideline (CLSI, 2017). The strain CF3A-2134 was resistant against ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, tetracycline, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and chloramphenicol but sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin, nitrofurantoin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, and tigecycline.
The total genomic DNA was extracted using the LaboPassTM Bacteria Mini DNA purification kit (Cosmogentech). Whole genome sequencing was performed using the iSeq 100 (Illumina) and the MinION (Oxford Nanopore Technologies) sequencers. For the iSeq platform, the library was prepared using the Illumina DNA prep kit (Illumina) and Nextera DNA CD indexes (Illumina). For the MinION platform, the library preparation was performed using the ligation sequencing kit (SQK-LSK-109, Oxford Nanopore Technologies), native barcoding expansion (EXP-NBD-104, Oxford Nanopore Technologies), and the NEBNext companion module (New England Biolabs). The MinION sequencing was performed using the flow cell (R9.4.1, Oxford Nanopore Technologies). Adapter or primers sequences and low-quality reads were removed from the iSeq sequencing raw data using Trimmomatic v.0.39 (Bolger et al., 2014). Of MinION sequencing raw data, low-quality reads and adapter sequences were trimmed with Filtlong v.0.2.0 and Porechop v.0.2.4, respectively. A de novo genome assembly was performed with a Unicycler v.0.4.9b (Wick et al., 2017). The genome of the CF3A-2134 strain was annotated and the antimicrobial resistance genes were identified using the bacterial and viral bioinformatics resource center web server (v.3.31.12) (Olson et al., 2023). The completeness of the genome by CheckM v1.2.2 was evaluated as 100%. The genome consisted of one circular chromosome (2,884,629 bp) and one circular plasmid (92,100 bp) with a G + C content of 37.5% (Fig. 1). Annotation identified 2,936 protein coding sequences (CDSs), 12 rRNA genes, and 65 tRNA genes as shown in Table 1. Various antimicrobial resistance genes were found in the plasmid like as gentamicin (aac6’-le-aph2”-la), streptomycin (aad[6], ant[6]-Ia and ant[9]-Ia), streptothricin (sat-4), kanamycin (aph[3’]-IIIa), quinupristin-dalfopristin (IsaE), tetracyclines (tetL and tetM), erythromycin (lnuB), trimethoprim (dfrG), and chloramphenicol (catA8). Additionally, 5 transposases (ISSsu9, ISBce13, IS1216E, IS1297, IS1476) and 1 transposon (Tn552) were located in the plasmid. Besides, antimicrobial resistance genes, liaR and dfrE, against daptomycin and trimethoprim were identified in a chromosome. The genome obtained in this study would be useful to monitor antibiotic resistome among the genus Enterococcus.
The strain is available at the Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC) under deposition number BP1917276. The genome of strain CF3A-2134 has been deposited in GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ under the accession numbers, CP136403 and CP136404.
유전형 620에 속하는 다제내성 Enterococcus faecalis CF3A-2134 균주는 돼지 분변으로부터 분리되었으며 ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, tetracycline, quinupristin-dalfopristin, chloramphenicol에 내성을 보였다. CF3A-2134 균주의 전장 유전체는 2,884,629 bp 크기의 원형 염색체 1개와 92,100 bp 크기의 원형 플라스미드 1개로 구성되어 있으며 G + C 함량은 37.5%였다. 이 유전체에는 2,936개의 단백질 암호화 염기서열, 12개의 rRNA 유전자, 65개의 tRNA 유전자가 포함되어 있었다.
This work was supported by the grant of Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (23194MFDS012) and Jeonbuk National University.
Jong-Chan Chae is Editor of KJM. He was not involved in the review process of this article. Also, authors have no conflicts of interest to report.
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